Television

= = Television

=** Intro **=
 * Intro
 * Who Invented TV?
 * Televison & Pop Culture
 * How TV programming works
 * CRTC
 * Public Broadcasting Service
 * How do Networks Make $?
 * Canadian Television
 * TV Ratings
 * Stereotyping
 * Reality TV
 * Television was introduced at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York
 * Television was dismissed by the media as a toy that would not last
 * It was foreseen that people were too busy for it to materialize
 * Television is considered by some to be the greatest invention of the twentieth century, while others consider it to be a vast wasteland
 * Television has taught violence and turned people into couch potatoes
 * It has also served as a great educator and media device

**Assignment 1**
= = =** Who Invented TV? **=
 * The invention of television is attributed to and claimed by a few people
 * Two of the main contributors to the invention of television are:
 * 1) Vladimir K. Zworykin
 * 2) Philo T. Farnsworth

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= Assignment 2=

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** Television and Pop Culture **
1950’s – Leave It To Beaver
 * Unlike other shows at the time, it centered, not on adults, but rather on the lives of two young brothers
 * The parents were “perfect, and never raised their voice
 * The boys were polite, clean cut, would never speak back to their parents and often found themselves in dilemmas that were resolved by the end of the program

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 * The producers of the show were very careful not to suggest anything improper for viewing so, the father and mother slept in separate beds.
 * The way families are portrayed on television today is significantly different from 40 years ago.
 * What was considered not acceptable in the 1960's is regarded as mild in the 2000's.

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As society has changed, so has television. Television is considered to be the medium of pop culture; it reflects and promotes pop culture values.


 * How Television Programming Works **
 * Networks (CTV, CBS, etc.) pay television studios to create and produce television shows for them.
 * Television stations are generally affiliated with a major networks: ABC ( American Broadcasting Company), NBC (National Broadcasting Company), CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), FOX (Fox Broadcasting System), CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), CTV (Canadian Television).
 * The major networks provide these programs, at no cost to their television affiliates (CTV Atlantic, Central, West, etc.) by using telephone lines or most often satellites.
 * The affiliate television station can choose to broadcast the show, or not broadcast it.
 * Local stations are provided with the morning news, game shows, soap operas, evening news and night programs (sitcoms, dramas, movies of the week) and the local station must fill in the rest with their own programming.

CRTC

 * Most television stations are privately owned (for example, Rogers owns many networks) and are governed by the **CRTC** (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission).
 * ** CRTC ** - regulates all __Canadian__ broadcasting and telecommunications activities and enforces rules it creates to carry out the policies assigned to it
 * Best known for its Canadian Content rule (CANCON)
 * ** Canadian content ** requires that radio and television broadcasters must air a certain percentage of content that was at least partly written, produced, presented, or otherwise contributed to by persons from Canada

** Public Broadcasting Service **

 * Television stations not belonging to a major network is an independent station, or a **(PBS) Public Broadcasting Service**.
 * PBS stations, usually show cultural and educational programs, and are supported by donations by the general public, donations from corporations and government grants.
 * Unlike commercial television networks, PBS stations are not dependent upon advertisers for support.

= = =** How Do TV Networks Make $ **=
 * The networks are paid by the advertisers (sponsors) for the advertising time that they sell during the program.
 * A 30 second spot, depending on the program, can run up to one million dollars.
 * There is usually a small amount of time left for local television stations to sell to the local advertiser.
 * The advertising spots sold by local television stations are the main source of income for the station.
 * The networks and television stations will broadcast the advertisements along with the show, so the viewer will see the product and purchase more products from the advertiser
 * [[image:mrsturgeon/tv_programming.gif width="366" height="175" caption="TV programming flow chart"]] ||
 * TV programming flow chart ||

=** Canadian TV **= There are approximately 484 English Language Television Services in Canada and 109 French Language Television Services


 * [[image:mrsturgeon/tvstations.png caption="TV stations"]] ||
 * TV stations ||

Ratings are extremely important in media.
 * TV Ratings **
 * They are helpful in determining which shows are popular and which ones are not
 * An audience of one million viewers is often not enough to keep a show in the programming line-up.
 * Greater numbers, closer to 10 million, are needed if a show is to remain on major networks
 * Even shows that are critically acclaimed by critics can be cancelled because the viewing audience is not large enough.
 * Essentially, advertisers want their products and services to be viewed by as many people as possible, so in order to achieve this, they look to the ratings to determine which shows have the higher ratings.
 * If a television show has poor ratings, than the advertiser is not likely to advertise during this show and time period.
 * Production costs for a television show often run $1-$3 million dollars per episode and if the ratings are low, networks will not be able to charge enough for advertising.
 * If the network cannot charge enough for the advertising spot, often times the programmers will drop the show because they are losing money and can not afford to carry on.
 * The more popular the television show, the more networks can charge for advertising.
 * Nielsen Media Research Company is the largest and best known rating service.
 * In Canada, we have Nielsen Media Research Company and BBM (Bureau of Broadcast Measurement).

=** Ratings Websites **=

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= = =** Assignment ** 4 =

=** Stereotyping **= -the applying of certain qualities and beliefs to a group or specific people Stereotypes are characterized this way by some people because these people have formed their opinions based on their previous experiences
 * Examples: **


 * All red-heads have fiery tempers
 * Athletes tend to be stereotyped as the dumb jocks
 * Intellectuals all wear glasses
 * Librarians wear glasses
 * Fat people are jolly, etc.

Television shows, particularly sitcoms, use stereotyping in order to introduce characters into a show with very little character development
 * With short times for each episode, characters are presented to the audience in a recognizable formula
 * Because television is so powerful, some viewers take these stereotypes as truths

=** Assignment ** #5 =



=** Reality Television **=
 * a genre of __television__ programming which presents “supposedly” unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people instead of professional actors.
 * The genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, but, is most commonly used to describe programs produced since __2000__
 * Documentaries and nonfictional programming such as the news and sports shows are usually not classified as reality shows.
 * Reality television covers a wide range of programming formats, from game or quiz shows to surveillance- or voyeurism-focused productions such as //__Big Brother__//.
 * The term "reality television" is somewhat of a misrepresentation.
 * Such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of __reality__,
 * Participants can be put in exotic locations or abnormal situations,
 * Participants are often coached to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers
 * Events on screen are often manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques.

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=** Assignments #6 **=

Assignment #7 - TV Ad (/45)
Since network TV stations are dependent on advertising revenue (money generated from commercials), your task is to create a new type of ad for a current product (an item for sale that is tangible) or service (a duty provided like haircuts, gardening, etc.) that you do not feel is well represented on TV. So, you are basically revamping the marketing plan for the product or service. You can take a humorous approach, a serious approach, dramatic, or whatever style that you see fit. Further instructions are below:



You may find the following websites useful:

Video Editing [] []

Music []

Sound Effects []

Blog Assignment #5
=** Chapter Review **=
 * Blog Assignment # 6**